View source for The Multiple Scattering Theory of Masson and LeBlond

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== Introduction==

The scattering theory of [[Masson_LeBlond_1989a| Masson and LeBlond 1989]] was the first 
model which properly accounted for the three dimensional
scattering which occurs in the MIZ. 
The model was derived
using multiple scattering and was presented in terms
of a time step discretisation and only
for ice floes with a circular geometry.
Their scattering theory included the effects of
wind generation, nonlinear coupling in frequency and wave breaking. However,
what was original in their work was their equation
for the scattering of wave energy by ice floes. 

[[Meylan_Masson_2006a | Meylan and Masson 2006]] showed the equivalence 
of the multiple scattering theory of Masson and LeBlond with the 
[[Linear Boltzmann Model for Wave Scattering in the MIZ]]
and this is included the final section.

== Equation for Wave Scattering==

[[Masson and LeBlond 1989]] began 
with the following equation for the evolution of wave scattering,
<center>
<math>
\frac{\partial I}{\partial t}+c_{g}\hat{\theta}\nabla 
I= 
\left(S_{\mathrm{in}}+S_{{\mathrm{ds}}}\right)  
\left(1-f_{i}\right)  +S_{{\mathrm{nl}}
}+S_{{\mathrm{ice}}}, 
</math>
</center>
where <math>S_{\mathrm{{in}}}</math> is the input of wave energy due
to wind forcing, <math>S_{\mathrm{{ds}}}</math> is the dissipation of wave
energy due to wave breaking, <math>S_{\mathrm{{nl}}}</math> is the non-linear transfer
of wave energy and <math>S_{\mathrm{{ice}}}</math> is the wave scattering.
[[Masson and LeBlond 1989]]
solved this in the isotropic (no spatial
dependence) case. Furthermore, they did not actually determine
<math>S_{\mathrm{{ice}}}</math> but derived a time stepping procedure to solve the
isotropic solution using multiple scattering. We will derive <math>S_{\mathrm{{ice}}}</math>
from the time stepping equation.

[[Masson and LeBlond 1989]] derived the following difference equation 
<center>
<math>
I(f_{n},\theta;t+\Delta t)=[\mathbf{T}]_{f_{n}}[I(f_{n},\theta
;t)+((S_{\mathrm{in}}+S_{\mathrm{ds}})(1-f_{i})+S_{\mathrm{nl}})\Delta
t]
</math>
</center>
where <math>f_{n}</math> is the wave frequency 
([[Masson and LeBlond 1989|Masson and LeBlond 1989 equation (51)]]. It is important to realise that 
<math>[\mathbf{T}]_{f_{n}}</math> is a 
function of
<math>\Delta t</math> in the above equation. We are interested only in the
wave scattering term so we will set the terms due to
wind input (<math>S_{\mathrm{{in}}}</math>), wave breaking (<math>S_{\mathrm{{ds}}}</math>) and
non-linear coupling (<math>S_{\mathrm{{nl}}}</math>) to zero. 
These terms can  be readily included in any model if required. 
[[Masson_LeBlond_1989a| Masson and LeBlond 1989]] discretized the
angle <math>\theta</math> into <math>n</math> evenly spaced angles <math>\theta_{i}</math> between <math>-\pi</math>
and <math>\pi</math>. <math>[\mathbf{T}]_{f_{n}}</math> is then given by
<center>
<math>
(T_{ij})_{f_{n}}=A^{2}\{\hat{\beta}|D(\theta_{ij})|^{2}\Delta
\theta+\delta(\theta_{ij})(1+|\alpha_{c}D(0)|^{2}
)+\delta(\pi-\theta_{ij})|\alpha_{c}D(\pi)|^{2}
\},
</math>
</center>
where <math>\theta_{ij}=|(\theta_{i}-\theta_{j})|</math> 
([[Masson_LeBlond_1989a| Masson and LeBlond 1989]], equation (42)). <math>\hat{\beta}</math> 
is a function of <math>\Delta t</math>
given by
<center>
<math>
\hat{\beta}=\int_{0}^{c_{g}\Delta t}\rho_{e}(r)dr,
</math>
</center>
([[Masson and LeBlond 1989]] p. 68). The function <math>\rho_{e}(r)</math> gives the ''effective'' number of floes per unit 
area effectively radiating waves under the single scattering approximation
which is to assume that the amplitude of a wave scattered
more than once is negligible. It is given by
<center>
<math>
\rho_{e}(r)=\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}D_{\mathrm{{av}}}^{2}\left(  1-\frac{8a^{2}}{\sqrt
{3}D_{\mathrm{{av}}}^{2}}\right)  ^{1/2}}\left(  1-\frac{8a^{2}}{\sqrt
{3}D_{\mathrm{{av}}}^{2}}\right)  ^{r/2a},
</math>
</center>
([[Masson and LeBlond 1989]] equation (29), 
although there is a typographical error in their equation which we have corrected)
where <math>D_{av}</math> is the average floe spacing and <math>a</math> is the floe radius
(remembering that [[Masson and LeBlond 1989]] considered circular floes). 
The energy factor <math>A</math> is
given by,
<center>
<math>
A=(1+|\alpha_{c}D(0)|^{2}+|\alpha_{c}D(\pi)|^{2}+\hat{\beta}\int_{0}^{2\pi
}|D(\theta)|^{2}d\theta+f_{d})^{-\frac{1}{2}},
</math>
</center>
([[Masson and LeBlond 1989]] equation (52)) where the term 
<math>f_{d}</math> represents dissipation and is given by
<center>
<math>
f_{d}=e^{\frac{f_{i}}{A_{f}}\sigma_{a}c_{g}\Delta t}-1,
</math>
</center>
([[Masson and LeBlond 1989]] equation (53)) and <math>\alpha_{c}</math>, the ''coherent'' scattering coefficient, is given by
<center>
<math>
\alpha_{c}=\left(  \frac{2\pi}{k}\right)  ^{1/2}\exp\left(  \frac
{\mathrm{{i}\pi}}{4}\right)  \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}D_{\mathrm{{av}}}^{2}\left(
1-\frac{8a^{2}}{\sqrt{3}D_{\mathrm{{av}}}^{2}}\right)  ^{1/2}}\int_{0}^{c_g\Delta t
}\exp(\mathrm{{i}}kx_{s})\left(  1-\frac{8a^{2}}{\sqrt{3}D_{{av}}^{2}}\right)
^{x_{s}/2a}dx_{s}.
</math>
</center>
It should be noted that the upper limit of integration for <math>\alpha_{c}</math> 
was given as infinity in [[Masson and LeBlond 1989]]. This is appropriate in the steady case
only; it should have been changed to <math>c_{g}\Delta t</math> in the time dependent case. However, this correction 
leads to only negligible quantitative changes to the results.

We will transform the scattering operator <math>\mathbf{T}</math> by
taking the limit as the number of angles used to discretise <math>\theta</math> tends to
infinity. On taking this limit, the operator <math>\mathbf{T}\left(  \Delta t\right) </math> 
becomes
<center>
<math>
\mathbf{T}\left(  \Delta t\right)  I\left(  \theta\right)  =A^{2}\{\hat{\beta
}\int_{0}^{2\pi}|D(\theta-\theta^{\prime})|^{2}I\left(  \theta^{\prime
}\right)  d\theta^{\prime}+ I\left(  \theta\right)  \}.
</math>
</center>
The scattering theory of [[Masson and LeBlond 1989]] depends on the
values of the time step <math>\Delta t</math> and the correct solution
is found for small time steps. We will now
find the equation in the limit of small time steps by taking the 
limit as <math>\Delta t</math> tends to zero. 
As we shall see, when this limit is taken,
there is a considerable simplification in the form of the equation.
Since
<center>
<math>
I(t+\Delta t)=\mathbf{T}\left(  \Delta t\right)  I\mathbf{(}t),
</math>
</center>
we obtain the following expression for the time derivative of <math>I</math>,
<center>
<math>
\frac{\partial I}{\partial t}=\lim_{\Delta t\rightarrow0}\left(
\frac{\mathbf{T}\left(  \Delta t\right)I(t)  - I(t)}{\Delta t}\right).
</math>
</center>
We can calculate this limit as follows,
<center>
<math>
\lim_{\Delta t\rightarrow0}\left(  \frac{\mathbf{T}\left(  \Delta t\right)I(t)
-I(t)}{\Delta t}\right)  =\lim_{\Delta t\rightarrow0}\left(  \frac
{A^{2}\{\hat{\beta}\int_{0}^{2\pi}|D(\theta-\theta^{\prime})|^{2}I\left(
\theta^{\prime}\right)  d\theta^{\prime}+I\left(
\theta\right)  \}-I\left(  \theta\right)  }{\Delta t}\right)
</math>
</center>
<center>
<math>
=c_{g}\rho_{e}\left(  0\right)  \int
_{0}^{2\pi}|D(\theta-\theta^{\prime})|^{2}I\left(  \theta^{\prime}\right)
d\theta^{\prime}-c_{g}\rho_{e}\left(  0\right)  \int_{0}^{2\pi}
|D(\theta-\theta^{\prime})|^{2}d\theta^{\prime}+\frac{f_{i}}{A_{f}}\sigma_{a}c_{g}I\left(  \theta\right).
</math>
</center>
We can simplify this equation.
The value of <math>\rho_{e}\left(  0\right)</math> is given by
<center>
<math>
\rho_{e}\left(  0\right)  =\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}D_{\mathrm{{av}}}^{2}\left(
1-\frac{8a^{2}}{\sqrt{3}D_{\mathrm{{av}}}^{2}}\right)  ^{1/2}}
=\frac{f_{i}}{A_{f}\sqrt{1-4f_{i}/\pi}},
</math>
</center>
where we have used the fact that <math>f_{i}=2\pi a^{2}/\sqrt{3}D_{av}^{2}</math> and
<math>A_{f}=\pi a^{2}</math>.

== Equivalence with Linear Boltzmann Model==

We show here that the equation above is very similar to the equation 
derived in [[Linear Boltzmann Model for Wave Scattering in the MIZ]].
If we substitute our expressions for <math>\rho_e(0)</math>
iand 
include the spatial term 
(which was not in [[Masson_LeBlond_1989a| Masson and LeBlond 1989]] since they assumed 
isotropy) and divide by <math>c_g</math>, we obtain the following
linear Boltzmann equation 
<center>
<math>
\frac{1}{c_g}\frac{\partial I}{\partial t}+\hat{\theta}.\nabla I
=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-4f_{i}/\pi}}
\int_{0}^{2\pi}\frac{f_{i}}{A_{f}}|D(\theta-\theta^{\prime
})|^{2}I\left(  \theta^{\prime}\right)  d\theta^{\prime}
</math>
</center>
<center>
<math>
- \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-4f_{i}/\pi}}
\int_{0}^{2\pi}\frac{f_{i}}{A_{f}}|D(\theta-\theta^{\prime})|^{2}d\theta^{\prime}+\sigma_{a}
\frac{f_i}{A_{f}}
\right)I\left(  \theta\right).
</math>
</center>
If we compare this equations with
the equivalent equation in [[Linear Boltzmann Model for Wave Scattering in the MIZ]]
we see that they are identical except for the factor 
<math>1 / \sqrt{1-4f_{i}/\pi}</math>  in the two components resulting from the scattering.
This difference comes from the fact that, in [[Masson_LeBlond_1989a| Masson and LeBlond 1989]], multiple 
scattering is neglected by using an effective density, <math>\rho_{e}</math>, 
in lieu of the number density <math>\rho_{o}</math>. 
The effective density is related to the number density as <math> \rho_{e}(0) = \rho_{o}/
\sqrt{1-4f_{i}/\pi}</math>.

[[Category: Wave Scattering in the Marginal Ice Zone]]