Variable Depth Shallow Water Wave Equation

Introduction

We consider here the problem of waves reflected by a region of variable depth in an otherwise uniform depth region assuming the equations of Shallow Depth.

Equations

We begin with the shallow depth equation

[math]\displaystyle{ \rho(x)\partial_t^2 \zeta = \partial_x \left(h(x) \partial_x \zeta \right). }[/math]

subject to the initial conditions

[math]\displaystyle{ \zeta_{t=0} = \zeta_0(x)\,\,\,{\rm and}\,\,\, \partial_t\zeta_{t=0} = \partial_t\zeta_0(x) }[/math]

where [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta }[/math] is the displacement, [math]\displaystyle{ \rho }[/math] is the string density and [math]\displaystyle{ h(x) }[/math] is the variable depth (note that we are unifying the variable density string and the wave equation in variable depth because the mathematical treatment is identical).

Waves in a finite basin

We consider the problem of waves in a finite basin [math]\displaystyle{ -L\lt x\lt L }[/math]. At the edge of the basin the boundary conditions are

[math]\displaystyle{ \left.\partial_x \zeta\right|_{x=-L} = \left.\partial_x \zeta\right|_{x=L} =0 }[/math]

.

We solve the equations by expanding in the modes for the basin which satisfy

[math]\displaystyle{ \partial_x \left(h(x) \partial_x \zeta_n \right) = -\lambda_n \rho(x) \zeta_n , }[/math]

normalised so that

[math]\displaystyle{ \int_{-L}^L \rho\zeta_n \zeta_m = \delta_{mn}. }[/math]

The solution is then given by

[math]\displaystyle{ \zeta(x,t) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \left(\int_{-L}^L \rho(x)\zeta_n(x^\prime) \zeta_0 (x^\prime) dx^\prime \right) \zeta_n(x) \cos(\sqrt{\lambda_n} t ) }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ + \sum_{n=1} ^{\infty} \left(\int_{-L}^L \rho(x)\zeta_n(x^\prime) \partial_t\zeta_0 (x^\prime) dx^\prime \right) \zeta_n(x) \frac{\sin(\sqrt{\lambda_n} t )}{\sqrt{\lambda_n}} }[/math]

where we have assumed that [math]\displaystyle{ \lambda_0 = 0 }[/math].

Calculation of [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta_n }[/math]

We can calculate the eigenfunctions [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta_n }[/math] by an expansion in the modes for the case of uniform depth. We use the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The eigenfunctions are local minimums of

[math]\displaystyle{ J[\zeta] = \int_{-L}^L \frac{1}{2}\left\{ h(x)\left(\partial_x \zeta\right)^2 - \lambda \rho(x) \zeta^2 \right\} }[/math]

subject to the boundary conditions that the normal derivative vanishes (where [math]\displaystyle{ \lambda }[/math] is the eigenvalue).

We expand the displacement in the eigenfunctions for constant depth [math]\displaystyle{ h=1 }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \zeta = \sum_{n=0}^{N} a_n \psi_n(x) }[/math]

where

[math]\displaystyle{ \psi_n = \frac{1}{\sqrt{L}} \cos( n \pi (\frac{1}{2L}x + \frac{1}{2})),\,\,n\ne 1 }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \psi_0 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2L}},\, }[/math]

and substitute this expansion into the variational equation we obtain

[math]\displaystyle{ J[\vec{a}] = \int_{-L}^L \frac{1}{2}\left\{ h(x)\left( \sum_{n=0}^{N} a_n \partial_x \psi_n(x)\right)^2 - \lambda \rho(x) \left(\sum_{n=0}^{N} a_n \psi_n(x)\right)^2 \right\} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{dJ}{da_m} = \int_{-L}^L \frac{1}{2}\left\{ h(x)2\partial_x \psi_m(x)\left( \sum_{n=0}^{N} a_n \partial_x \psi_n(x)\right) - \lambda \rho(x)2\psi_m(x)\left(\sum_{n=0}^{N} a_n \psi_n(x)\right) \right\} = 0 }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ \int_{-L}^L \left\{ h(x)\partial_x \psi_m(x)\left( \sum_{n=0}^{N} a_n \partial_x \psi_n(x)\right) \right\} = \int_{-L}^L \left\{ \lambda \rho(x)\psi_m(x)\left(\sum_{n=0}^{N} a_n \psi_n(x)\right) \right\} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{n=0}^{N} a_n \int_{-L}^L \left\{ h(x)\partial_x \psi_n(x)\partial_x \psi_m(x)\right\} = \lambda \sum_{n=0}^{N} a_n \int_{-L}^L \left\{ \rho(x)\psi_n(x)\psi_m(x) \right\} }[/math]

this equation can be rewritten using matrices as

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{K} \vec{a} = \lambda\mathbf{M} \vec{a} }[/math]

where the elements of the matrices K and M are

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{K}_{mn} = \int_{-L}^L \left\{ \left(\partial_x \psi_m h(x) \partial_x \psi_n\right) \right\} }[/math]

and

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{M}_{mn} = \int_{-L}^L \left\{\rho(x)\psi_n(x)\psi_m(x)\right\} }[/math]

Matlab code

Example of the method of numerical integration; using a weighting matrix to implement Simpson's Rule:

x = linspace(-4,4,500).';

f = exp(-10*(x.^2));

g = sin(x);

h = x(2)-x(1);

simp = 2*h/3*ones(1,length(x));

simp(2:2:length(x)-1) = 4*h/3;

simp(1) = h/3;

simp(end) = h/3;

simp = diag(simp);

%The integral of f(x)^2 from (by Simpson's Rule) -4 to 4 is:

int1 = transpose(f)*simp*f;

%The integral of f(x)*g(x) from -4 to 4 is:

int2 = transpose(f)*simp*g;

Multiple integrals can be executed in one expression:

%NUMERICALLY CALCULATING FOURIER COEFICIENTS

%Make a row vector of x values

x = linspace(-pi,pi,200);

%Define a row vector of the values of the function to be fitted by a Fourier sine series

f = 5*x.^3 - 3*x;

%Simpson's Rule weighting matrix:

h = x(2)-x(1); simp = 2*h/3*ones(1,length(x)); simp(2:2:length(x)-1) = 4*h/3; simp(1) = h/3; simp(end) = h/3; simp = diag(simp);

%Create a matrix M with the fourier functions, x increasing along the rows, n increasing down the columns

M = zeros(round(length(x)/2),length(x));

for n = 1:length(M(:,1))

   M(n,1:length(x)) = sin(n*x)/sqrt(pi);

end

%Calculate the column vector containing the coefficients of the sine series

fourier_coefficients = M*simp*transpose(f);

%Calculate a row vector of the fitting function evaluated at the values of x

fourier_sine_fit = transpose(fourier_coefficients)*M;

%Plot to check

plot(x,f,x,fourier_sine_fit)

Waves in an infinite basin

We assume that the density [math]\displaystyle{ \rho }[/math] and the depth [math]\displaystyle{ h }[/math] are constant and equal to one outside the region [math]\displaystyle{ -L\lt x\lt L }[/math]. We can therefore write the wave as

Solution using Separation of Variables

Taking a separable solution gives the eigenvalue problem

[math]\displaystyle{ \partial_x \left( h(x) \partial_x\zeta \right) = -\kappa^{2}\rho(x)\zeta \quad (1) }[/math]

Given boundary conditions [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta \mid_{-L} = a }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta \mid_L = b }[/math] we can take [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta = \zeta_p + u }[/math] With [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta_p = \frac{(b-a)}{2L}x + \frac{b+a}{2} }[/math] satisfying the boundary conditions and [math]\displaystyle{ u }[/math] satisfying [math]\displaystyle{ u |_{-L} = u |_L = 0 }[/math]

Substituting this form into (1) gives

[math]\displaystyle{ \partial_x(h(x)\partial_x \zeta_p)+\partial_x(h(x)\partial_xu) = -\kappa^{2}\left(\zeta_p+u\right) }[/math]

Or, on rearranging

[math]\displaystyle{ \partial_x(h(x)\partial_xu)+\kappa^{2}u = -\partial_x(h(x)\partial_x \zeta_p)-\kappa^{2}\zeta_p = f(x)\quad (2) }[/math]

so

[math]\displaystyle{ f(x) = -\frac{(b-a)}{2L}\partial_xh(x) - \kappa^2 \left(\frac{(b-a)}{2L}x + \frac{b+a}{2}\right) }[/math]

Now consider the homogenous Sturm-Liouville problem for u

[math]\displaystyle{ \partial_x(h(x)\partial_xu)+\lambda u = 0\quad u|_0=u|_1=0 \quad (3) }[/math]

By Sturm-Liouville theory this has an infinite set of eigenvalues [math]\displaystyle{ \lambda_k }[/math] with corresponding eigenfunctions [math]\displaystyle{ u_k }[/math]. Also since [math]\displaystyle{ u_k|_0=u_k|_1=0\quad \forall k }[/math] Each [math]\displaystyle{ u_k }[/math] can be expanded as a fourier series in terms of sine functions.

[math]\displaystyle{ u_k = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{n,k} \psi_n }[/math]

where

[math]\displaystyle{ \psi_n = \sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{2}\left(\frac{x}{L} + 1\right)\right) }[/math]

Transforming (3) into the equivalent variational problem gives

[math]\displaystyle{ J[u] = \int_{-L}^{L}\,hu'^{2}-\lambda \rho u^{2} \, dx \quad (4) }[/math]

Substituting the fourier expansion for [math]\displaystyle{ u_k }[/math] into (4):

[math]\displaystyle{ J = \int_{-L}^{L}\,h\left(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{n} \psi_n'\right)^{2}-\lambda \rho \left(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{n} \psi_n\right)^{2} \, dx \quad (4) }[/math]

Since [math]\displaystyle{ u_k }[/math] minimises J, we require [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial J}{\partial a_{n}}=0 \quad \forall n }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial J}{\partial a_{m}}=\int_{-L}^{L}\left\{2h\psi_m'\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{n}\psi_n'-2\lambda\rho \psi_m \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{n} \psi_n\right\}dx=0 }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \implies \int_{-L}^{L}2h\psi_m'\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{n}\psi_n'dx= \int_{-L}^{L}2\lambda\rho \psi_m \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{n} \psi_ndx }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \implies \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_{n}\int_{-L}^{L}h\psi_m'\psi_n'dx= \lambda\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_{n}\int_{-L}^{L}\rho \psi_m \psi_ndx }[/math]

By defining a vector [math]\displaystyle{ \textbf{a} = \left(a_{n}\right) }[/math] and matrices [math]\displaystyle{ K_{(n,m)} = \int_{-L}^{L}h(x)\psi_m'(x)\psi_n'(x)dx }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ M_{(n,m)} = \int_{-L}^{L}\rho(x)\psi_m(x)\psi_n(x)dx }[/math] we have the linear system [math]\displaystyle{ K\textbf{a} = \lambda M\textbf{a} }[/math] which returns the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of equation (3), with eigenvectors [math]\displaystyle{ \textbf{a} }[/math] representing coefficient vectors of the fourier expansions of eigenfunctions.

If we now construct [math]\displaystyle{ u = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} b_k u_k }[/math] and substitute this into equation (2) we get

[math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} (\kappa^{2}-\lambda_k) b_k u_k = -(b-a)\partial_xh(x)-\kappa^{2}\left((b-a)x+a\right) \quad (5) }[/math]

And defining the RHS of equation (5) as [math]\displaystyle{ f(x) }[/math], a known function, we can retrieve the coefficients [math]\displaystyle{ b_k }[/math] by integrating against [math]\displaystyle{ u_k }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ b_k = \frac{\int_{0}^{1}\,f u_k\,dx}{(\kappa^{2}-\lambda_k) \int_{0}^{1}\, u_{k}^{2}\,dx} }[/math]

Also to find the coefficients [math]\displaystyle{ c_n }[/math] of the fourier expansion of u are just [math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty}a_{n,k}b_{k} }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ a_{n.k} }[/math] being the [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]th coefficient of the [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]th eigenfunction of the Sturm-Liouville problem.

So [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta=(b-a)x+a+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}c_{n} \sin(n\pi x) }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta |_0=a \quad \zeta |_1=b }[/math] and, given [math]\displaystyle{ a }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ b }[/math] explicitly differentiating [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta }[/math] gives [math]\displaystyle{ \partial_x \zeta |_0 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \partial_x |zeta |_1 }[/math].

The aim here is to construct a matrix [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] such that, given [math]\displaystyle{ a }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ b }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ S \begin{pmatrix} \zeta |_0 \\ \zeta |_1 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} \partial_x \zeta |_0 \\ \partial_x \zeta |_1 \end{pmatrix} }[/math]

Taking [math]\displaystyle{ a=1,\,b=0 }[/math] to give [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta_1 }[/math] shows that the first column of [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] must be [math]\displaystyle{ \begin{pmatrix} \partial_x \zeta_1 |_0 \\ \partial_x \zeta_1 |_1 \end{pmatrix} }[/math] and likewise taking [math]\displaystyle{ a=0,\,b=1 }[/math] to give [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta_2 }[/math] shows the second column must be [math]\displaystyle{ \begin{pmatrix} \partial_x \zeta_2 |_0 \\ \partial_x \zeta_2 |_1 \end{pmatrix} }[/math]. So [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is given by

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{pmatrix} \partial_x \zeta_1 |_0 \, \partial_x \zeta_2 |_0 \\ \partial_x \zeta_1 |_1 \, \partial_x \zeta_2 |_1 \end{pmatrix} }[/math]

Now for the areas of constant depth there is a potential of the form [math]\displaystyle{ e^{ikx} }[/math] which, creates reflected and transmitted potentials from the variable depth area of the form [math]\displaystyle{ Re^{ikx} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ Te^{ikx} }[/math] respectively where the magnitudes of [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math] are unknown. We can calculate that the boundary conditions for [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta }[/math] must be

[math]\displaystyle{ \zeta |_0 = 1+R, \quad \zeta |_1 = Te^{ik}, \quad \partial_x \zeta |_0 = ik(1-R), \quad \partial_x \zeta |_1 = ikTe^{ik} }[/math]

Knowing [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] these boundary conditions can be solved for [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math], which in turn gives actual numerical boundary conditions to the original problem. Taking a linear combination of the solutions already calculated ([math]\displaystyle{ \zeta_1 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \zeta_2 }[/math]) will provide the solution for these new boundary conditions. This solution, along with the potentials outside this region gives a potential for the whole real axis.

If a waveform [math]\displaystyle{ f(x) }[/math] is travelling in from [math]\displaystyle{ -\infty }[/math] Taking the fourier transform gives

[math]\displaystyle{ \hat{f}(k)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\,f(x)e^{2\pi i k} \,dx }[/math]

and then inverting [math]\displaystyle{ \hat{f}(k) \zeta(x) }[/math] with respect to [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] gives

[math]\displaystyle{ f(x,t) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\,\hat{f}(k) \zeta(x) e^{-2\pi i k t} \,dk }[/math]

which is the time dependent solution for the wave form.